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In 1943, the Nazis liquidated Warsaw's Jewish ghetto. A year later, they threatened to complete the city's destruction by deporting its remaining residents. A sophisticated and cosmopolitan community a thousand years old was facing its final days--and then opportunity struck. As Soviet soldiers turned back the Nazi invasion of Russia and began pressing west, the underground Polish Home Army decided ...

The Irena Peritz papers include her autograph book, diary, and memoir documenting her friendships in Lvov and Borysław and her family’s experiences in the Borysław ghetto and labor camp and in hiding. The papers also include letters from Janka and Niuta Teicher documenting their experiences in the Drohobycz labor camp and Dachówczarnia brick factory. The autograph book includes signatures, poems, and ...

Arie Sagi’s mother, Rachel Roza Weksler, was born in October 1917 in Swiéciany. Lithuania. She was one of six siblings. Roza’s older brother, Hirsz Zvi Weksler, was married to Fanny and had two daughters. In June 1941, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Hirsz and Roza fled Swiéciany. They both joined a partisan unit in the nearby forest, and Roza met her future husband, Mordechai Sergowicz, ...

Leo Weinrieb (1917-2011) was born in what was then the Russian Empire, in present-day Poland (in a village between Sosnowiec and Katowice), in 1917. Following his birth, but before the formation of the Polish state in the wake of World War I, his parents decided it would be better to live in Germany, and immigrated there, where his father initially found work as a coal miner in western Germany. Later, ...

Oval sign depicting the Republic of Poland’s national emblem, the White Eagle, used between 1927 and 1939. A crowned eagle had been used as a Polish symbol for centuries, and first appeared on the official state coat of arms in 1295. Poland lost its independence in 1795, only regaining it in 1918, following World War I. In 1919, Poland’s government adopted the crowned white eagle as the official state ...

Dorota Dola Kestenbaum (1908-1991) was born in Przemyśl, Poland on February 15, 1908. She was the daughter of Majer Kestenbaum and Judyta Haber Kestenbaum. She had four siblings: Filip, Jakub, Dawid and Lucia. Both of Dola’s parents and all of her siblings were forced into the Przemyśl ghetto. Her parents and Dawid were deported to the Belżec death camp on July 27, 1942. Lucia, Jakub and Filip were ...

The memoir of Zalman Lubocki of Kaunas, Lithuania is his eyewitness account of the German invasion in June 1941, life in the Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto, imprisonment at Stutthof, hard labor, liberation, and his arrival as a displaced person at Landsberg, Germany. The collection is comprised of the original copy of the 100 page memoir written in Yiddish in 1945 when Zalman was living in a displaced persons ...

Lord Lytton, the author of the League of Nations report on the Manchurian Crisis of 1931-1933, wrote: 'if only it was with the professors of the University of Tokyo and men like that I could make peace in a week'. It was widely recognized that there were liberal internationalists in Japan who were opposed to expansion in China and were trying to prevent it - ineffectively as it turned out. As the military ...

This intriguing study examines Western perceptions of war in and beyond the nineteenth century, surveying the writings of novelists, anthropologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, philosophers, poets, natural scientists, and journalists to trace the terms of modern thought on the nature of military conflict. Daniel Pick brings together philosophical and historical models of war with fictions of invasion, ...

Stefania Glat (born Stefania Mischel, 1915-1991) was the daughter of Chana Mischel and lived in Dolina. She had two siblings: Arnold and Masia (Miriam?). Stefania studied medicine in Lvov before the war. Her first husband was murdered by Ukrainians during the July 1941 pogrom in Lvov. She escaped Lvov with the retreating Soviet forces in June 1941 and worked as a nurse. She met Bernard Glat (1904-1968, ...